WAIRUATANGA : Māori Spirituality and religion


Redemption songs :
a life of Te Kooti Arikirangi
Te Turuki, by F. M. (Jock) Brookfield.
book cover courtesy of Reed books
Top 12 books - start here

General writings | Pai Marire | Ngā Poropiti | Titles by Māori | Ratana | Te Kooti, Rua & Ringatū | Tohunga

[Page last updated on 4th January, 2008]
These are not exhaustive lists but a selection of resources.

Top Titles

reed jacket Tohunga : the revival : ancient knowledge for the modern era, by Samuel Timoti Robinson. (2005)
Part One, Te Wananga o Te Ao Marama, tells of the coming of the world of light. It recounts oral creation traditions from the Io priesthood. In Part Two, Tohungatanga, the first chapter on Maori history is given to demonstrate the journey of Maori esoteric knowledge. There is disclosure on how the student of tohunga lore was originally introduced to the priesthood via initiation. Explanations are made about the tohunga schools of learning, initiation rites, and a grade structure is given that has not previously been presented. ... The last chapters are committed to understanding the lore of Io-matua-kore, the higher cosmology of the Io religion. (Reed)

Maori religion and mythology : being an account of the cosmogony, anthropogeny, religious beliefs and rites, magic and folk lore of the Maori folk of New Zealand / by Elsdon Best
Originally published in 1924.

Seeds of the Word = Nga kakano o te Kupu : the meeting of Maori spirituality and Christianity / Philip Cody. (2004)

The woven universe : selected writings of Rev. Maori Marsden / edited by Te Ahukaramu Charles Royal.

Tikanga Maori : living by Maori values / Hirini Moko Mead.

Tohunga : Hohepa Kereopa / Paul Moon.

Exploring Maori values / John Patterson.

Te wheke : a celebration of infinite wisdom / written by Rangimarie Turuki Pere ; illustrated by Nancy Nicholson.

The Lore of the Whare-wananga, or, Teachings of the Maori college on religion, cosmogony and history / written down by H.T. Whatahoro from the teachings of Te Matorohanga and Nepia Pohuhu, priests of the Whare-wananga of the East Coast, New Zealand ; translated by S. Percy Smith.
Memoirs of the Polynesian Society ; v. 3,4

Reed book of Maori mythology / by A.W. Reed.

Te tangata = the human person / Michael P. Shirres.

Rangihau, John. Learning and tapu, and being Māori, in, Te Ao hurihuri : aspects of Maoritanga / edited by Michael King.
p. 12-14, 171-184

Titles by Māori

book coverTikanga Māori : living by Māori values, by Hirini Moko Mead. (2003).
"Ranging over topics from the everyday to the esoteric, this book provides a breadth of perspectives and authoritative commentary on the principles and practice of tikanga Māori. Professor Mead's Introduction to Tikanga Māori will be as informative to the layreader as it will be thought-provoking to the respected kaumatua" (Huia Publishers).

The coming of the Maori / by Te Rangi Hiroa (Sir Peter Buck)
Originally published in 1929.

Wahine toa : women of Maori myth / paintings and drawings by Robyn Kahukiwa ; text by Patricia Grace. (1984)

Nga mahi a nga tupuna, / edited by H. W. Williams, with additional matter from Governor Grey MSS.

The Maori response to the Gospel; a study of Maori-Pakeha relations in the Methodist Maori Mission from its beginnings to the present day / by Ruawai D. Rakena.
Proceedings / Wesley Historical Society (New Zealand) ; v. 25, no. 1-4

Tikao talks : ka taoko tapu o te ao kohatu : treasures from the ancient world of the Maori / told by Teone Taare Tikao to Herries Beattie.
Originally published in 1939.

Mai i rangiatea : a journal published by Te Whare Wananga o te Pihopatanga o Aotearoa.
WCL holds 2003, 2005. The issue for 2005 includes:
p. 5. Atuatanga : a Māori theology and spirituality.
p. 21. Māori spirituality in the new millennium.
p. 29. In the beginning ... an opinion of how, why and for whom Io became a supreme Atua.

Recent General writings

Amazon book jacket The island broken in two halves : land and renewal movements among the Maori of New Zealand / Jean E. Rosenfeld.
New Zealand governments at times have aimed at total amalgamation of Maoris with the white colonial population. Rosenfeld's research has determined that the three most famous movements in opposition to this were primarily religious in nature and resulted directly from the loss of the land, "the life force of the people." All three movements believed the Maori tribes were descended from the Jews of the Bible who, like Maoris, were dispossessed of their land and looked to Jehovah for redemption. (drawn from Choice magazine, Syndetics)
Amazon book jacket Magical arrows : the Maori, the Greeks, and the folklore of the universe / Gregory Schrempp ; foreword by Marshall Sahlins.
A fascinating and sophisticated exploration of cosmology, Magical Arrows connects the Western philosophical tradition with the cosmological traditions of non-Western societies, particularly those of Polynesia. Using the mythology and philosophy of the Maori of New Zealand as a counterpoint to Western thought, Schrempp finds a philosophical common denominator in the thought of the pre-Socratic philosopher, Zeno of Elea. Book jacket. (drawn from Syndetics)

Song of the old tides / Barry Brailsford ; Maaka Tipa, pouwhenua ; Renzie Hanham, design. (2004)

The coming of Pakeha religion : the spiritual significance for Maori : a revisionist analysis of Maori spirituality and Pakeha religion, by Charles Ihaia Hita-Brown. (2007)

An introduction to Maori religion : its character before European contact and its survival in contemporary Maori and New Zealand culture / James Irwin. (1984)

Koru and covenant : reflections on Hebrew and Maori spirituality in Aotearoa / J.J. Lewis ; with L.V. Willing and D.S. Mullan. (1995)

The birth of the universe = Te Whanautanga o te ao tukupu : Maori oral cosmogony from the Wairarapa / Agathe Thornton. (2004)

Chapters in books etc

Can humanity survive? : the world's religions and the environment / edited by James Veitch. (1996)
Henare, Manuka and Bernard Kernot. Māori religion : the spiritual landscape, pp. 205-216.

The April report : report / of the Royal Commission on Social Policy. (1988)
Henare, Manuka. Ngā tikanga me ngā ritenga o Te Ao Māori : standards and foundations of Māori society, Vol. III Part I, pp. 5-41.

Te ao hurihuri : the world moves on : aspects of Maoritanga / edited by Michael King. (1977)
Rangihau, John. Learning and tapu, and being Māori, pp. 12-14, 171-184.

Te Maori : Maori art from New Zealand collections / edited by Sidney Moko Mead ; text by Sidney Moko Mead ... ?et al.! ; photographs by Athol McCredie. (1984)
Salmond, Anne. Ngā huarahi o te ao Māori : pathways in the Māori world, pp. 109-137.

Articles from Journals etc

Binney, Judith. Christianity and the Māoris to 1840: a comment, in, New Zealand journal of history, vol. 3, no. 2 (1969) pp. 143-165.

Binney, Judith. The heritage of Isaiah : Thomas Kendall and Māori religion, in, New Zealand journal of history, vol. 1, no. 2 (1967) pp. 124-139

Blake-Palmer, G. Tohungaism and makutu : some beliefs and practices of the present day Māori, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 63, no. 2, pp. 147-64.

Buller, Walter L. Observations on some peculiar Māori remains, with remarks on the ancient institution of tapu, in, Transactions and proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand, vol. 27 (1894) pp. 148-54.

Gadd, Bernard. The teachings of Te Whiti o Rongomai, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 75, no. 4 p p. 445-57.

Gathercole, Peter. Hau, mauri and utu : a re-examination, in, Mankind, vol. 11, no. 3 (1978) pp. 334-340.

Gudgeon, W. E. Māori religion, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 14 (1905) pp. 107-130.

Hunt, C. G. Maringa Te Kakara village, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 68, no. 1, p. 6.

Nelson, C. E. A Māori cosmology, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 16,(1907) p. 109

Ngata, Apirana. The Io cult, early migration, puzzle of the canoes, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 59, no. 4 (1950) pp. 335-346.

Owens, John M.R. Christianity and the Māoris to 1840, in, New Zealand journal of history, vol. 2, no. 1 (1968), pp. 18-40.

Salmond, Anne. Te ao tawhito : a semantic approach to the traditional Māori cosmos, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society,vol. 87, no. 1 (1978) pp. 5-28.

Sanderson, Kay. Māori Christianity on the East Coast, in, New Zealand journal of history, vol. 17, no. 2, pp.166-84.

Shirres, M. P. Tapu , in, Journal of the Polynesian society, vol. 91, no. 1, (1982) pp. 29-51.

Smith, S. Percy. Clairvoyance among the Māoris, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 29 pp. 149-61.

Smith, S. Percy. On the Tohunga Māori : a sketch, in,

Transactions and proceedings of the Institute of New Zealand , vol. 32, pp. 253-70.

Tuhoto-Ariki. He waiata-karakia : an ancient Māori poem / trans. by George H. Davies and J. H. Pope, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 16, pp. 43-60.

Walters, Muru. Mihingare and karakia Māori, in, Stimulus, vol. 6, no. 2 (1998) pp. 76-82.

Wohlers, Johann F. H. The mythology and traditions of the Māori in New Zealand, in, Transactions of the New Zealand Institute, vol. 7, pp. 3-53, and vol. 8, part 3, pp.108-123 (1974-5)

Other General Introductory writings


Maori religion / by Johannes C. Andersen.
"Originally published in the Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 49 pages 513-555, Wellington 1940."

Traditional lifeways of the Southern Maori : the Otago University Museum ethnological project, 1920 / James Herries Beattie ; edited by Atholl Anderson. (1994)

Spiritual and mental concepts of the Maori / by Elsdon Best. (1922)

Maori religion and mythology : being an account of the cosmogony, anthropogeny, religious beliefs and rites, magic and folk lore of the Maori folk of New Zealand / by Elsdon Best. (1995, Te Papa)

The Maori, past and present : an account of a highly attractive, intelligent people, their doubtful origin, their customs & ways of living, art, methods of warfare, hunting & other characteristics, mental & physical / by T.E. Donne. (1927, 1998)

The Maori and his religion in its nonritualistic aspects / by J. Prytz Johansen. (1954)

Studies in Maori rites and myths / by J. Prytz Johansen. (1958)

Tapu removal in Maori religion / by Jean Smith. (1974)

Te Ika a Maui, or, New Zealand and its inhabitants : illustrating the origin, manners, customs, mythology, religion, rites, songs, proverbs, fables, and language of the natives ; together with the geology, natural history, productions, and climate of the country, its state as regards Christianity : sketches of the principal chiefs, and their present position / by Richard Taylor. (1855,1974)

Pai Marire


"Hauhau" : the Pai Marire search for Maori identity / Paul Clark.

Hauhauism : an episode in the Maori Wars, 1863-1866 / by S. Barton Babbage ; foreword by the Rt. Rev. Herbert Williams.

Pai Marire and the Niu at Kuranui / Evelyn Stokes.

Journal article
Head, Lyndsay. The Gospel of Te Ua Haumene, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, vol. 101, no. 1 (March 1992) pp. 7-44.

Ngā Poropiti me te Whakapono

reed jacket Te Kohititanga Marama : new moon, new world : the religion of Matenga Tamati, by Bronwyn Elsmore. (1998)
Matenga Tamati saw himself as the true successor to Te Kooti, answering the spiritual needs of Maori at the end of the nineteenth century... Bronwyn Elsmore has gathered invaluable oral evidence to complement the few published sources, piecing together a complete picture of the beliefs, values, practice and legacy of the Kohiti religion. (Reed)

Song of Waitaha : the histories of a nation : being the teachings of Iharaira Te Meihana, Wiremu Ruka Te Korako, Taare Reweti Te Maiharoa, Perenara Hone Hare, Heremia Te Wake, Renata Kauere.

Like them that dream : the Maori and the Old Testament / Bronwyn Elsmore. (1985)

Mana from heaven : a century of Maori prophets in New Zealand / Bronwyn Elsmore. (1989)

Prophetic histories : the people of the Maramatanga / Karen Sinclair. (2002)

Articles in journals etc

Binney, Judith. Ancestral voices : Māori prophet leaders, in,The Oxford illustrated history of New Zealand.

Binney, Judith. Papahurihia : some thoughts on interpretation, in, New Zealand journal of history, vol. 75, no. 3 (1966) p. 321-331.

Phillipps, W. J. The cult of Nakahi, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society ; vol. 75, no. 1, p. 107.

Wilson, Ormond. Papahurihia : first Māori prophet, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society ; vol. 74, no. 4 p. 473-83.

Te Kooti and Rua & Ringatū

Amazon book jacket Redemption songs : a life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki / Judith Binney.
Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki was one of the best known Māori leaders of the 19th century. In the difficult times for Māori after the wars of the 1860s and early 1870s, Te Kooti was commtted to the cause of peace and to working through the law. He sought to redeem his people and the land. This book started from discussions with Ringatū leaders. (drawn from flyleaf)

Nga Morehu = The survivors / Judith Binney and Gillian Chaplin.
This book is the life history of eight Maori women ... connected with the faith known as Ringatu (introduction)

The upraised hand, or, The spiritual significance of the rise of the Ringatu faith / by William Greenwood.

The Ringatu movement (New Zealand) : a phenomenological essay / by Irvine Roxburgh.

Te Kooti Rikirangi, general and prophet / by W. Hugh Ross.

Mihaia : the prophet Rua Kenana and his community at Maungapohatu / Judith Binney, Gillian Chaplin, Craig Wallace.

Rua and the Maori millennium / Peter Webster.

Chapters in Books & Journals

Binney, Judith. The Ringatu traditions of predictive history, in, Journal of Pacific history ; vol. 23, no. 1 (1988) p. 167-74.

Binney, Judith. Myth and explanation in the Ringatu tradition, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society ; vol. 93, no. 4 (1984) p. 345-93.

Fowler, Leo. A new look at Te Kooti, in, Te Ao hou ; no. 6 (December 1957) p. 18-22.

Hill, Richard. Te Kooti's notebook, in, Archifacts ; no. 13 (March 1980), p. 283-85.

Misur, Gilda Z. From prophet cult to established church : the case of the Ringatū movement, in, Conflict and compromise / ed by I. H. Kawharu. (1975) pp. 97-115.

Ratana


Ratana: the man, the church, the political movement by J. McLeod Henderson.

Te Whetu marama o te kotahitanga. (10 volumes)
"The material contained in these volumes has been reproduced from original issues of Te Whetu marama o te kotahitanga (registered as a newspaper in 1924)"

Tohunga

(See also Tohunga : the revival, above).

Medical history of New Zealand prior to 1860 / L.K. Gluckman.

The Maori tohunga and his spirit world / by Johannes C. Andersen. (1948)

Tohunga : Hohepa Kereopa / Paul Moon.

Tohunga articles

Blake-Palmer, G. Tohungaism and makutu : some beliefs and practices of the present day Māori, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society, : vol. 63, no. 2 (1954) 147-64.

Gudgeon, W. E. The tohunga Māori, in, Journal of the Polynesian Society ; vol. 16, p. 63-91.

Smith, S. Percy. On the Tohunga Māori : a sketch, in, Transactions and proceedings of the Institute of New Zealand ; vol. 32 p. 253-70.

Korero o te Wa I Raraunga I Rauemi I Te Whanganui a Tara I Whakapapa